Fig. 1

Flow chart of study design. P. jirovecii qPCR positive HIV-uninfected patients (n = 330) were recruited from 2019 to 2021. After exclusion, 213 participants were included and divided into a derivation cohort (to define the cut-off value of serum BDG) and a validation cohort (to verify the defined cut-off value of serum BDG). A discharge diagnosis of PJP was taken as the gold standard to divide the participants into two groups: the PJP group and the P. jirovecii-colonized group