Table 3 Antibiotic resistance genes in the Nocardia cyriacigeorgica genome according to the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD)
Resistance gene type | Gene name | Gene ID | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
β-lactam antibiotics | CTX-M | ARO:3001961 | Cephalosporin |
| Â | AST-1 | ARO:3004740 | Broad-spectrum beta-lactamase gene |
| Â | KPC | ARO:3002312 | Carbapenem; cephalosporin |
| Â | Bcl | ARO:3002877 | Cephalosporin |
| Â | Bla1 | ARO:3000090 | Beta-lactamase gene |
Aminoglycoside antibiotics | kdpE | ARO:3003841 | Transcriptional activator that is part of the two-component system |
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics | SoxR | ARO:3003381 | Antibiotic efflux; antibiotic target alteration |
| Â | gyrA | ARO:3007473 | Point mutation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA resulted in the lowered affinity between fluoroquinolones and gyrA |
| Â | gyrB | ARO:3003304 | Point mutation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrB resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance, antibiotic target alteration |
Glycopeptide antibiotics | VanSO | ARO:3002941 | Vancomycin resistance operon genes, which can synthesize peptidoglycan with modified C-terminal D-Ala-D-Ala to D-alanine-D-lactate |
| Â | VanRO | ARO:3002930 | Vancomycin resistance operon genes, which can synthesize peptidoglycan with modified C-terminal D-Ala-D-Ala to D-alanine-D-lactate |
| Â | rpoC | ARO:3004681 | Point mutations in the rpoC region of Clostridioides difficile which confer resistance to vancomycin |
Macrolide antibiotics | oleC | ARO:3003748 | ABC transporter isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus and is involved in oleandomycin secretion |
| Â | oleB | ARO:3003036 | ABC-F subfamily protein in Streptomyces antibioticus and is involved in oleandomycin secretion |
| Â | erm(O)-lrm | ARO:3004652 | Â |
| Â | carA | ARO:3002817 | ABC-F subfamily protein involved in macrolide resistance |
| Â | srmB | ARO:3002828 | Macrolide efflux pump genes |
| Â | lmrC | ARO:3002881 | ABC-F subfamily protein that confers resistance to lincosamides in Streptomyces lincolnensis and Lactococcus lactis |
| Â | ErmH | ARO:3002823 | Plasmid-mediated methyltransferase found in Streptomyces thermotolerans |
| Â | ErmR | ARO:3000594 | Plasmid-mediated methyltransferase found in Streptomyces thermotolerans |
Tetracycline antibiotics | tetA(58) | ARO:3003980 | Tetracycline efflux pump |
| Â | tetB(58) | ARO:3003981 | Tetracycline efflux pump |
Sulfonamide antibiotics | folC | ARO:3004157 | Point mutations in the dihydrofolate synthetase folC gene shown clinically to confer resistance to p-aminosalicylic acid or other aminosalicylates |
| Â | folP | ARO:3003389 | Point mutations in Streptococcus pyogenes dihydropteroate synthase folP prevent sulfonamide antibiotics from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring sulfonamide resistance |
Rifamycin antibiotics | Rox-nf | ARO:3007210 | Rifampin monooxygenase that inactivates rifampin |
| Â | Rox-sv | ARO:3007209 | Class A flavoprotein monooxygenase that confers resistance to rifamycin antibiotics |
| Â | Iri | ARO:3002884 | Monooxygenase that confers resistance to rifampin |
| Â | rbpA | ARO:3000245 | The enzymatic inactivation of rifampin by phosphorylation at the 21-OH position |
| Â | rpoB2 | ARO:3000501 | Expression of the rpoB2 variant results in replacement of rifampin sensitivity with rifampin resistance |
Streptogramin antibiotics | VatF | ARO:3003744 | Transposon-mediated acetyltransferase |
| Â | VatE | ARO:3002844 | Transposon-mediated acetyltransferase |
Fosfomycin antibiotics | murA | ARO:3003784 | Chlamydia murA confers intrinsic resistance to fosfomycin |
| Â | AbaF | ARO:3004573 | Expression of abaF in E. coli resulted in increased resistance to fosfomycin |
Chloramphenicol antibiotics | cmlR | ARO:3002690 | Chromosome-encoded chloramphenicol phoshotransferase |
Nitroimidazole antibiotic | msbA | ARO:3003950 | Multidrug resistance transporter homolog |